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	<title>UHAN</title>
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	<description>sebab tuhan lebih dekat dengan uhan?</description>
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		<title>UHAN</title>
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		<title>Kanonisasi dan yang Terlupakan</title>
		<link>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/kanonisasi-dan-yang-terlupakan/</link>
		<comments>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/kanonisasi-dan-yang-terlupakan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2008 06:21:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>uhan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Sejarah sastra Indonesia, seperti halnya sejarah sosial lainnya, masih belum memperlihatkan kondisi yang sebenarnya. Bangunan sejarah sastra Indonesia rumpang di sejumlah bagian. Ini diakibatkan oleh studi sastra yang berpedoman pada kanonisasi dan kategorisasi sastra, pengukuhan periodeisasi yang telah ditulis sebelumnya, di samping juga karena keterbatasan sumber data dan kritikus yang ada.
Penulisan sejarah sastra memunculkan sejumlah [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=uhan.wordpress.com&blog=2522855&post=8&subd=uhan&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Sejarah sastra Indonesia, seperti halnya sejarah sosial lainnya, masih belum memperlihatkan kondisi yang sebenarnya. Bangunan sejarah sastra Indonesia rumpang di sejumlah bagian. Ini diakibatkan oleh studi sastra yang berpedoman pada kanonisasi dan kategorisasi sastra, pengukuhan periodeisasi yang telah ditulis sebelumnya, di samping juga karena keterbatasan sumber data dan kritikus yang ada.</p>
<p>Penulisan sejarah sastra memunculkan sejumlah nama dan karya yang dianggap mewakili periode tertentu dalam pembabakan yang diciptakan. Selain disangkutkan pada peristiwa sosial, pembabakan ini juga memperlihatkan pada kecenderungan capaian estetika tertentu, sesuai dengan semangat zamannya. Karena itu, kita mengenal periode Balai Pustaka, Pujangga Baru, Angkatan 45, Angkatan 66, dan sebagainya. Inilah risiko yang harus dijumpai hingga saat ini, bagaimana sejarah perjalanan sastra Indonesia tak dapat dilepaskan dari konteks sosialnya. Setidaknya, pandangan ini memperlihatkan hubungan yang erat antara sastra dan masyarakatnya.</p>
<p>Di luar kanonisasi dan kategorisasi yang dibentuk, sejumlah genre sastra kita hilang atau tidak banyak dibicarakan. Karya-karya yang ada di media massa, terutama yang terbit di berbagai koran daerah, luput dari kajian. Karya-karya yang dianggap picisan atau terbitan penerbit partikelir pribumi juga tak masuk dalam pembicaraan. Bahkan, beberapa karya awal sejumlah pengarang besar yang terbit di koran dan penerbit kecil tak masuk dalam daftar riwayat kepengarangan, yang sebenarnya penting untuk dibicarakan dalam proses kreatif kepengarangan. Bahkan sejumlah karya tidak dapat ditemukan lagi, baik akibat sensor dan pembredelan pada masa penjajahan dan setelah kemerdekaan, maupun karena telah hancur karena umurnya yang sudah tua.</p>
<p>Namun, kajian sejarah sastra Indonesia, terutama yang membicarakan karya-karya yang tidak masuk dalam kanonisasi ini, telah dilakukan oleh sejumlah ahli sastra dan hasilnya dapat kita temukan. Wendy June Solomon (1993) dan Mikihiro Moriyama (2005), misalnya, dengan cukup komprehensif membahas karya-karya sastra yang terbit di Jawa Barat dan sejarah penerbitannya. Demikian juga dengan George Quinn (1992) yang meneliti novel-novel Jawa. Ada juga Sitti Faizah Rivai (1963) yang pernah menulis skripsi di Universitas Indonesia tentang roman-roman picisan pada zaman penjajahan. Kajian yang menarik juga muncul di sejumlah artikel dalam buku Clearing a Space yang dieditori oleh Keith Foulcher dan Tony Day (2006). Doris Jedamski (2007) juga melakukan penelitian terhadap polemik karya sastra yang terbit di Medan pada masa penjajahan.</p>
<p>Jika kita baca sejumlah penelitian yang disebutkan di atas, yang sebagian besar dilakukan oleh para peneliti dari luar negeri, ternyata nama dan karya di luar kanonisasi dan kategori yang dibentuk dalam kajian sejarah sastra Indonesia cukup menarik untuk dibahas. Sejumlah hal menarik muncul. Tentu saja dengan sudut pandang kajian yang menawan pula. Paling tidak, kita bisa membaca kajian dengan obyek yang masuk dalam kanonisasi yang termaktub dalam tesis Watson (1972) tentang sosiologi karya-karya terbitan Balai Pustaka yang cukup luas. Atau bagaimana pengaruh pengarang Minangkabau dalam karya-karya Balai Pustaka yang dibahas oleh Freidus (1977). Perspektif yang digunakan dalam kajian-kajian mereka cukup jernih, dalam artian bagaimana mereka memperlakukan obyek kajiannya tanpa tendensi pengaruh kanonisasi dan kategorisasi yang dibentuk.</p>
<p>Inilah yang menjadi tantangan lain dalam penulisan dan kajian sejarah sastra kita. Tanpa harus mempertahankan dan melanjutkan tradisi kanonisasi, yang hanya akan berakibat pada pembenaran dan penguatan kesimpulan yang ada sebelumnya. Penulisan sejarah sastra kita dapat disemarakkan oleh berbagai revisi atas kesimpulan terdahulu. Dan hal ini tampaknya memerlukan pengkaji baru, jika tidak ada perubahan sikap keterbukaan para peneliti yang ada, yang berbicara atas penemuan mereka, bukan pada upaya mempertahankan pernyataan-pernyataan yang telah mereka buat.</p>
<p>Modal usaha seperti ini sebenarnya sudah tersedia, dengan memanfaatkan berbagai institusi yang ada, seperti fakultas sastra, balai bahasa, dan perpustakaan yang tersebar di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Apalagi sudah banyak kajian awal yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti sastra Indonesia. Beberapa terbitan mengenai sastra di berbagai daerah, sepengetahuan saya, hanya berupa kompilasi sastra, baik kajian maupun karya sastra, yang belum mencerminkan kondisi sesungguhnya dari dinamika sastra Indonesia.</p>
<p>Kontinuitas sastra Indonesia</p>
<p>Sastra Indonesia, dengan penambahan kata ”modern”, sering kali menjadi awal perdebatan ketika berbicara tentang sejarah sastra Indonesia. Pengaruh bentuk dan gaya sastra asing (baca: Barat) dijadikan patokan untuk menyebut sastra Indonesia yang modern. Dalam nuansa dan konteks seperti ini, kesinambungan sastra Indonesia yang modern dengan tradisi sastra yang sudah ada, yang menjadi latar estetik para pengarang, menjadi kabur. Pergaulan pengarang dengan budayanya, dengan tradisi estetik yang diterima secara budaya, sekadar menjadi warna atau setting dalam proses kreatif yang dijalaninya.</p>
<p>Pada masa transisi dari sastra lama ke sastra modern, jika itu ada, dibatasi dan ditandai pada penghormatan akan nama pengarang yang sebelumnya anonim, media publikasi, bentuk pendidikan dan pengetahuan barat, dan pengaruh karya sastra barat. Sebagai akibat, sastra lama kemudian dijadikan artifak, yang dikaji melalui filologi atau arkeologi. Para peneliti sastra, khususnya sejarah sastra, menjadi asing dengan tradisi yang dimiliki oleh sejarah panjang sastra di Indonesia, atau nusantara ini. Hal yang lazim adalah para peneliti sastra menggunakan hasil kajian yang terakhir itu untuk menunjang kerja mereka. Kita tidak pernah betul-betul bersinggungan langsung dengan karya-karya lama kita.</p>
<p>Sementara waktu terus berjalan, jarak ketertinggalan kita dengan persoalan yang serius ini mungkin semakin panjang. Karya sastra Indonesia yang modern dan kontemporer terus lahir, yang belum sepenuhnya mampu dibicarakan. Di lain sisi, sastra lama kita juga semakin jauh dan asing. Kegundahan yang menyelimuti kajian sastra Indonesia, terutama para penelitinya, tampaknya tergambar dalam situasi seperti ini.</p>
<p>Kecenderungan penulisan</p>
<p>Penulisan sejarah sastra Indonesia telah banyak dilakukan peneliti sastra. Ajip Rosidi (1983. cet.3), Jacob Sumardjo (2004, 1999), Yudiono KS (2007), Korrie Layun Rampan (1983, 1986), Agus R Sarjono (2001), HB Jassin (tentu saja dalam berbagai buku yang ditulis atau dieditorinya), dan sebagainya. Namun, dengan menekankan pada periodisasi berdasarkan konteks sosial, seperti yang sudah dikenal secara luas, masih meninggalkan sejumlah fakta yang cukup penting.</p>
<p>Sastra dianggap penting ketika ia berkorelasi dengan situasi di luar dirinya, atau keterlibatan pengarang dalam aktivitas sosial. Aspek sosiologi dari sastra mau tak mau dijadikan dasar pijakan dalam penulisan sejarah sastra. Beban sosial ini dengan segera menjadi dasar kriteria dalam menentukan kualitas karya, dan menempatkannya dalam deretan penting karya sastra yang tercatat dalam sejarahnya. Capaian bentuk estetika karya, karenanya, menjadi pertimbangan berikutnya.</p>
<p>Pertimbangan sosiologi ini memang menjadi salah satu indikasi yang menonjol, karena peneliti sastra dapat merujuknya dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber yang tersedia. Namun kemudahan ini tentu saja bukan menjadi alasan utama ketika kita harus berbicara tentang sastra, termasuk dalam penulisan sejarah sastra, dengan perangkat estetika yang tidak melulu berbicara tentang aspek sosialnya.</p>
<p>Sudarmoko Peneliti Sastra Indonesia, Tinggal di Padang</p>
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		<title>ES Ito dan Dunia Seandainya</title>
		<link>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/es-ito-dan-dunia-seandainya/</link>
		<comments>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/03/13/es-ito-dan-dunia-seandainya/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2008 06:18:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>uhan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Sastra Indonesia dihentak keras oleh terbitnya sebuah novel sejarah berjudul ”Rahasia Meede” karya ES Ito.
Mengapa saya sebut demikian? Bukankah novel sejarah bukan barang baru dalam sejarah Sastra Indonesia? Ada dua jawaban. Pertama, ES Ito mengentak dengan pengungkapan fakta-fakta sejarah yang selama ini tersembunyi. Bahwasannya ada sejarah lain yang beringsut di balik sejarah resmi bangsa ini. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=uhan.wordpress.com&blog=2522855&post=9&subd=uhan&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Sastra Indonesia dihentak keras oleh terbitnya sebuah novel sejarah berjudul ”Rahasia Meede” karya ES Ito.</p>
<p>Mengapa saya sebut demikian? Bukankah novel sejarah bukan barang baru dalam sejarah Sastra Indonesia? Ada dua jawaban. Pertama, ES Ito mengentak dengan pengungkapan fakta-fakta sejarah yang selama ini tersembunyi. Bahwasannya ada sejarah lain yang beringsut di balik sejarah resmi bangsa ini. Kedua, ES Ito mengentak diskursus kritik sastra Indonesia dengan segaris kontroversi keras.</p>
<p>Jawaban kedua adalah yang paling menarik. Akuratnya data yang dipakai ES Ito membuat para sejarawan mengelu-elukannya dan bahkan ada yang mengusulkan karyanya dipakai sebagai buku teks sejarah. Bagi mereka, ES Ito membuat kita seolah tengah menyaksikan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah dengan mata telanjang, kini dan di sini. Anehnya, sebagian kritikus sastra kita mengiyakan premis para sejarawan tersebut. Meminjam beberapa teori sastra mutakhir, mereka mengamini kesatuan napas antara sastra dan sejarah. Namun, saya bersilang pendapat.</p>
<p>Sejarah bukan rajutan kepastian, melainkan gugus tanda tanya. Mengapa demikian? Jarak antara kekinian dan kelaluan dipotong oleh satuan waktu yang tidak bisa diulang. Kita hanya mampu membaca data-data sejarah dari sudut waktu yang terbatas.</p>
<p>Oleh karenanya, di satu sisi sejarah dan kisah sulit untuk dibedakan. Keduanya bukan sekadar serakan peristiwa yang tak terorganisasi. Kisah adalah jalinan peristiwa yang menghimpun makna pada dirinya. Kisah bisa bergerak maju dan bertumbuh, berbalik arah, berbelok tajam, mundur teratur atau tidak teratur, dan lain sebagainya. Apa pun, kisah sama halnya dengan sejarah menghimpun makna dalam dirinya dan mengundang tanya. Pertanyaan sejarah bukan apa yang sudah terjadi, tetapi apa artinya itu bagi kita.</p>
<p>Pengarang adalah author, yaitu si pemilik otoritas atas makna kisah yang tersampaikan. Kompleksitas penokohan, plot, dan setting adalah sarana si pengarang menyampaikan sesuatu ke pembaca. Sejarah pun menyampaikan sesuatu kepada kita para penggandrung sejarah. Hanya saja, data-data sejarah tidak berbicara sendiri. Mereka berbicara melalui pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dilontarkan sejarawan. Dan sejarawan senantiasa melontarkan pertanyaan dari satu kerangka acuan atau paradigma tertentu. Orde Baru adalah sebuah paradigma. Sejarah di mata Orde Baru adalah sejarah yang dipaksa menuturkan dirinya dari kerangka acuan dominan.</p>
<p>Persoalannya, bagaimana antara pengarang sastra yang otoritatif dan sejarah yang senantiasa berkelit mampu bergandengan tangan. Atau, bagaimana sastra yang bekerja dengan imajinasi dan sejarah yang bekerja dengan data-data besi memadu. Yang satu berfokus pada perluasan rentang imajinasi, sementara yang lain: keakuratan. Yang satu melayani kebutuhan estetika, sementara yang lain, epistemologi. Dalam estetika keakuratan pengetahuan tidak dipersoalkan selama efek keindahan terhaturkan dengan sempurna. Sementara, epistemologi sangat mempersoalkan keakuratan pengetahuan, apalagi pengetahuan yang potensi falibilitasnya besar macam pengetahuan sejarah.</p>
<p>Nah, apakah pantas kita mempertanyakan keakuratan pengetahuan sejarah dalam sebuah novel sebagai karya estetis? Sebelum menjawab itu, ada baiknya kita sapu sekilat apa yang dilakukan para novelis sejarah seperti Dan Brown dan Umberto Eco. Dan Brown kita semua tahu membuat gereja Katolik kebakaran jenggot karena Novel kontroversialnya yang berjudul Da Vinci Code.</p>
<p>Dalam novel itu dikisahkan bagaimana seorang profesor simbologi dari Harvard dikejar-kejar sekte keras Opus Dei akibat penelusurannya atas sejarah Kekristenan yang bisa memutarbalikkan bahkan mendekonstruksi fundamen keimanan Kristen. Lewat pembacaan simbol-simbol yang terserak di sana-sini akhirnya sejarah alternatif itu sedikit demi sedikit mengemuka. Persoalannya, apakah sejarah alternatif dalam novel Dan Brown adalah sejarah yang sesungguh? Apakah ada pretensi Dan Brown untuk meluruskan sejarah Kekristenan yang tertimbun pelbagai prasangka dan stereotip baik teologis maupun kultural? Kita tunda sejenak spekulasi tersebut.</p>
<p>Umberto Eco, ahli semiotik dan sastrawan, baru saja menulis novel yang ia beri judul Baudolino. Novel itu ditulis dengan semangat komikal yang kental. Baudolino adalah nama seorang anak yang diadopsi Kaisar Romawi, Frederick I. Kisah dalam novel ini berpusat pada cerita Boudolino pada Niketas Choniates, seorang sejarawan terkemuka (patut diketahui bahwa Niketas adalah tokoh nyata yang terkenal dengan bukunya berjudul: The Sack of Constantinople). Cerita Boudolino terhadap Niketas adalah soal sepak terjangnya di balik pelbagai peristiwa sejarah kekaisaran Kristen Romawi. Melalui Boudolino, ia mendapatkan pelbagai cerita alternatif tentang peristiwa-peristiwa penting, seperti matinya Kaisar Frederick I.</p>
<p>Apa yang dilakukan Eco dan Dan Brown semata-mata mengganggu pelbagai cerita resmi sejarah Kristianitas. Mereka memasukkan banyak fakta sejarah dan menyelimutinya dengan fiksi. Apakah Eco dan Dan Brown ingin mengatakan bahwa sejarah yang dipahami selama ini adalah palsu? Tidak. Baudolino, misalnya, mengatakan sejak semula bahwa dia adalah seorang pembohong. Eco hanya ingin mengganggu kemapanan pikiran kita tentang pelbagai peristiwa sejarah. Ia menawarkan dunia serba mungkin yang selama ini tertutup oleh kegilaan pada akurasi. Akurasi sendiri jangan selalu dipahami selaku kerangka kerja ilmu pengetahuan. Sebab, bisa jadi akurasi merupakan hasil kerja ideologi yang tidak kita sadari. Dengan bermain-main secara imajiner bersama Baudolino, pembaca dibukakan pada dunia seandainya.</p>
<p>ES Ito seperti halnya Eco dan Dan Brown saya kira mengajak kita bertamasya ke dunia seandainya. Memang ada fakta keras di sana-sini. Bahkan, ada seorang bekas prajurit Sandi Yudha Kopassus (minta dirahasiakan namanya) terenyak melihat betapa detail dan kerasnya fakta-fakta intelijen yang dibeberkan ES Ito tentang operasi di Aceh. Namun, apa pun itu, ES Ito tidak mengajak kita mengukur-ukur sejarah. Sejarah dalam karya sastra bukan untuk diukur, melainkan dibangkitkan dari rezim kepastian. Sama seperti Yesus dibangkitkan dari kematian di hari ketiga, sejarah juga dibangkitkan dari kematian imajinasi dan pengandaian. Dunia seandainya dalam sejarah adalah dunia yang terhalang oleh kegilaan pada akurasi yang diidap oleh ilmu pengetahuan.</p>
<p>ES Ito mengajak kita untuk membayangkan seandainya VOC meninggalkan harta karun berupa batangan emas di salah satu sudut tanah Nusantara ini. Sebuah tanda tanya yang dituturkan lewat serangkaian tanda tanya lainnya: pembunuhan lima orang penting di kota yang senantiasa diawali dengan huruf ”B”, pesan di tubuh korban berupa satu dari tujuh dosa sosial Gandhi, Penculikan Cathleen Zwinckel, mahasiswi Leiden peneliti sejarah ekonomi kolonial, organisasi bawah tanah bernama Anarki Nusantara, dan masih banyak yang lainnya. Banyak kejutan di sana-sini layaknya suspense-fiction lainnya. Semuanya berujung pada ketakterdugaan yang membuat nalar kisah yang sudah membentuk dirinya di kepala kita hancur berantakan.</p>
<p>Ada satu hal yang ingin disampaikan ES Ito secara sederhana di balik kompleksitas plot, penokohan, dan setting yang dibangunnya. Sejarah kolonialisme adalah sejarah perampokan kekayaan bumi pertiwi yang luar biasa hebatnya. Sebuah sejarah keserakahan yang sayangnya diulangi lagi oleh sebagian elite republik kita sendiri. Kita menyaksikan tanah, sejarah, adat istiadat dirampas oleh keserakahan perusahaan penambangan yang notabene milik orang Indonesia sendiri. Kalau dulu bau rempah-rempah menyulut syahwat ekonomi orang-orang Eropa, sekarang bau minyak dan gas bumi menyulut syahwat orang-orang kita sendiri. Dunia seandainya yang dibangun ES Ito adalah sebentuk satire tajam terhadap kelakuan para penghuni republik ini. Negeri yang sesak dengan ”batangan emas” seperti Indonesia tidak selayaknya terpuruk seperti saat ini. Kita semua silau oleh emas yang terwariskan, tetapi gagal menatah emas kita sendiri yang tersebar di pelosok Nusantara. Itu saya kira pesan rahasia ES Ito yang mungkin saja salah saya pahami. Toh, kesalahpahaman adalah bagian dari permainan imajinasi juga.</p>
<p>(Donny Gahral Adian Dosen Filsafat Universitas Indonesia)</p>
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		<title>Is Hemingway a Racist? Analysis of The Sun Also Rises</title>
		<link>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/01/29/is-hemingway-a-racist-analysis-of-the-sun-also-rises/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 03:41:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>uhan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essay]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[by Bustayarhymes
&#160;
 Throughout Hemingway&#8217;s life, he was accused of many ethnic prejudices. Even in death, these allegations still plague his novels. Hemingway is seen by many to be the epitome of white male oppression. His novel, The Sun Also Rises, is argued to be filled with many anti-Semitic qualities. However, when analyzed more closely, many [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=uhan.wordpress.com&blog=2522855&post=7&subd=uhan&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><i>by Bustayarhymes</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <span class="postbody">Throughout Hemingway&#8217;s life, he was accused of many ethnic prejudices. Even in death, these allegations still plague his novels. Hemingway is seen by many to be the epitome of white male oppression. His novel, The Sun Also Rises, is argued to be filled with many anti-Semitic qualities. However, when analyzed more closely, many can argue that Hemingway&#8217;s usage of racial terms allows us to more effectively understand a character and his actions. </span></p>
<p><span class="postbody">Robert Cohn is a perfect example of Hemingway&#8217;s usage of this technique. Robert Cohn is thought to be a &#8220;foolish&#8221; Jew. The fact that Cohn is Jewish, does not make him foolish; instead, it provides an understanding of Cohn and allows us to relate to his character. During this time, a young Jewish male had to deal with many insecurities. Hemingway mentions that Cohn was a boxer, but cared nothing for the sport: &#8220;He cared nothing for boxing, in fact he disliked it, but he learned it painfully and thoroughly to counteract the feeling of inferiority and shyness felt on being treated as a Jew at Princeton&#8221; (Hemingway 11). Hemingway is not completely an anti-Semitic author, but he used societies convictions and interpreted them into his character&#8217;s actions. </span></p>
<p><span class="postbody">All of Hemingway&#8217;s characters are anti-Semitics in one aspect or another. They all condemn Robert Cohn at some point in the novel; Bill even refers to the catholic religion as a cult. Many critics feel that all these characters are just mere reflections into the mind of Hemingway. Was Hemingway himself anti-Semitic, racist or homophobic? Living during these times, I believe that everyone was. Society was not very accepting of many diversities; Hemingway wrote what people thought, that is why he became such a popular author so fast. </span></p>
<p><span class="postbody">When viewed through the eyes of critics today, The Sun Also Rises brings about a myriad of controversies. The novel fit the mood and the attitude of the 1920&#8217;s. If this novel were to be published in the politically correct society of today, the novel surely would have faced many controversies and probably would have been banned for bigotry. However, it is a perfect learning tool in the aide of understanding life during this time frame. This book should not ever be banned, because it is perfectly constructed novel that shows the essence of Hemingway&#8217;s writing. There should however be age restrictions on when this book is introduced into the learning environment. Not until high school or college, will a student be able to study this book in depth and understand the symbolism in it&#8217;s entirety. </span></p>
<p><span class="postbody">Being a successful writer is a difficult thing to accomplish. Hemingway did just that by not allowing himself to shy away from sensitive subjects. He presented his feeling in blatant words, and never tried to hide his passion. Whether or not you can call him anti-Semitic, is a matter of opinion. He acted and thought in the same manner as the majority of people in that era. Whatever the argument, this novel is a perfect example of the language, structure, and style of Hemingway.</span></p>
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		<title>Her Lover</title>
		<link>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/01/29/her-lover/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 03:26:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>uhan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Short Story]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[by Maxim Gorky
An acquaintance of mine once told me the following story.
When I was a student at Moscow I happened to live alongside one of those ladies whose repute is questionable. She was a Pole, and they called her Teresa. She was a tallish, powerfully-built brunette, with black, bushy eyebrows and a large coarse face [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=uhan.wordpress.com&blog=2522855&post=6&subd=uhan&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><b><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">by Maxim Gorky</span></i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">An acquaintance of mine once told me the following story.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">When I was a student at Moscow I happened to live alongside one of those ladies whose repute is questionable. She was a Pole, and they called her Teresa. She was a tallish, powerfully-built brunette, with black, bushy eyebrows and a large coarse face as if carved out by a hatchet&#8211;the bestial gleam of her dark eyes, her thick bass voice, her cabman-like gait and her immense muscular vigour, worthy of a fishwife, inspired me with horror. I lived on the top flight and her garret was opposite to mine. I never left my door open when I knew her to be at home. But this, after all, was a very rare occurrence. Sometimes I chanced to meet her on the staircase or in the yard, and she would smile upon me with a smile which seemed to me to be sly and cynical. Occasionally, I saw her drunk, with bleary eyes, tousled hair, and a particularly hideous grin. On such occasions she would speak to me.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;How d&#8217;ye do, Mr. Student!&#8221; and her stupid laugh would still further intensify my loathing of her. I should have liked to have changed my quarters in order to have avoided such encounters and greetings; but my little chamber was a nice one, and there was such a wide view from the window, and it was always so quiet in the street below&#8211;so I endured.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">And one morning I was sprawling on my couch, trying to find some sort of excuse for not attending my class, when the door opened, and the bass voice of Teresa the loathsome resounded from my threshold:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Good health to you, Mr. Student!&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;What do you want?&#8221; I said. I saw that her face was confused and supplicatory&#8230; It was a very unusual sort of face for her.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Sir! I want to beg a favour of you. Will you grant it me?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I lay there silent, and thought to myself:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Gracious!&#8230; Courage, my boy!&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;I want to send a letter home, that&#8217;s what it is,&#8221; she said; her voice was beseeching, soft, timid.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Deuce take you!&#8221; I thought; but up I jumped, sat down at my table, took a sheet of paper, and said:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Come here, sit down, and dictate!&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">She came, sat down very gingerly on a chair, and looked at me with a guilty look.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Well, to whom do you want to write?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;To Boleslav Kashput, at the town of Svieptziana, on the Warsaw Road&#8230;&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Well, fire away!&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;My dear Boles &#8230; my darling &#8230; my faithful lover. May the Mother of God protect thee! Thou heart of gold, why hast thou not written for such a long time to thy sorrowing little dove, Teresa?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I very nearly burst out laughing. &#8220;A sorrowing little dove!&#8221; more than five feet high, with fists a stone and more in weight, and as black a face as if the little dove had lived all its life in a chimney, and had never once washed itself! Restraining myself somehow, I asked:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Who is this Bolest?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Boles, Mr. Student,&#8221; she said, as if offended with me for blundering over the name, &#8220;he is Boles&#8211;my young man.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Young man!&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Why are you so surprised, sir? Cannot I, a girl, have a young man?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">She? A girl? Well!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Oh, why not?&#8221; I said. &#8220;All things are possible. And has he been your young man long?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Six years.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Oh, ho!&#8221; I thought. &#8220;Well, let us write your letter&#8230;&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">And I tell you plainly that I would willingly have changed places with this Boles if his fair correspondent had been not Teresa but something less than she.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;I thank you most heartily, sir, for your kind services,&#8221; said Teresa to me, with a curtsey. &#8220;Perhaps <i>I</i> can show <i>you</i> some service, eh?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;No, I most humbly thank you all the same.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Perhaps, sir, your shirts or your trousers may want a little mending?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I felt that this mastodon in petticoats had made me grow quite red with shame, and I told her pretty sharply that I had no need whatever of her services.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">She departed.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">A week or two passed away. It was evening. I was sitting at my window whistling and thinking of some expedient for enabling me to get away from myself. I was bored; the weather was dirty. I didn&#8217;t want to go out, and out of sheer ennui I began a course of self-analysis and reflection. This also was dull enough work, but I didn&#8217;t care about doing anything else. Then the door opened. Heaven be praised! Some one came in.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Oh, Mr. Student, you have no pressing business, I hope?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">It was Teresa. Humph!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;No. What is it?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;I was going to ask you, sir, to write me another letter.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Very well! To Boles, eh?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;No, this time it is from him.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Wha-at?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Stupid that I am! It is not for me, Mr. Student, I beg your pardon. It is for a friend of mine, that is to say, not a friend but an acquaintance&#8211;a man acquaintance. He has a sweetheart just like me here, Teresa. That&#8217;s how it is. Will you, sir, write a letter to this Teresa?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I looked at her&#8211;her face was troubled, her fingers were trembling. I was a bit fogged at first&#8211;and then I guessed how it was.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Look here, my lady,&#8221; I said, &#8220;there are no Boleses or Teresas at all, and you&#8217;ve been telling me a pack of lies. Don&#8217;t you come sneaking about me any longer. I have no wish whatever to cultivate your acquaintance. Do you understand?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">And suddenly she grew strangely terrified and distraught; she began to shift from foot to foot without moving from the place, and spluttered comically, as if she wanted to say something and couldn&#8217;t. I waited to see what would come of all this, and I saw and felt that, apparently, I had made a great mistake in suspecting her of wishing to draw me from the path of righteousness. It was evidently something very different.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Mr. Student!&#8221; she began, and suddenly, waving her hand, she turned abruptly towards the door and went out. I remained with a very unpleasant feeling in my mind. I listened. Her door was flung violently to&#8211;plainly the poor wench was very angry&#8230; I thought it over, and resolved to go to her, and, inviting her to come in here, write everything she wanted.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I entered her apartment. I looked round. She was sitting at the table, leaning on her elbows, with her head in her hands.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Listen to me,&#8221; I said.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Now, whenever I come to this point in my story, I always feel horribly awkward and idiotic. Well, well!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Listen to me,&#8221; I said.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">She leaped from her seat, came towards me with flashing eyes, and laying her hands on my shoulders, began to whisper, or rather to hum in her peculiar bass voice:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Look you, now! It&#8217;s like this. There&#8217;s no Boles at all, and there&#8217;s no Teresa either. But what&#8217;s that to you? Is it a hard thing for you to draw your pen over paper? Eh? Ah, and <i>you,</i> too! Still such a little fair-haired boy! There&#8217;s nobody at all, neither Boles, nor Teresa, only me. There you have it, and much good may it do you!&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Pardon me!&#8221; said I, altogether flabbergasted by such a reception, &#8220;what is it all about? There&#8217;s no Boles, you say?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;No. So it is.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;And no Teresa either?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;And no Teresa. I&#8217;m Teresa.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I didn&#8217;t understand it at all. I fixed my eyes upon her, and tried to make out which of us was taking leave of his or her senses. But she went again to the table, searched about for something, came back to me, and said in an offended tone:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;If it was so hard for you to write to Boles, look, there&#8217;s your letter, take it! Others will write for me.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I looked. In her hand was my letter to Boles. Phew!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Listen, Teresa! What is the meaning of all this? Why must you get others to write for you when I have already written it, and you haven&#8217;t sent it?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Sent it where?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Why, to this&#8211;Boles.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;There&#8217;s no such person.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I absolutely did not understand it. There was nothing for me but to spit and go. Then she explained.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;What is it?&#8221; she said, still offended. &#8220;There&#8217;s no such person, I tell you,&#8221; and she extended her arms as if she herself did not understand why there should be no such person. &#8220;But I wanted him to be&#8230; Am I then not a human creature like the rest of them? Yes, yes, I know, I know, of course&#8230; Yet no harm was done to any one by my writing to him that I can see&#8230;&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Pardon me&#8211;to whom?&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;To Boles, of course.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;But he doesn&#8217;t exist.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Alas! alas! But what if he doesn&#8217;t? He doesn&#8217;t exist, but he <i>might!</i> I write to him, and it looks as if he did exist. And Teresa&#8211;that&#8217;s me, and he replies to me, and then I write to him again&#8230;&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">I understood at last. And I felt so sick, so miserable, so ashamed, somehow. Alongside of me, not three yards away, lived a human creature who had nobody in the world to treat her kindly, affectionately, and this human being had invented a friend for herself!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Look, now! you wrote me a letter to Boles, and I gave it to some one else to read it to me; and when they read it to me I listened and fancied that Boles was there. And I asked you to write me a letter from Boles to Teresa&#8211;that is to me. When they write such a letter for me, and read it to me, I feel quite sure that Boles is there. And life grows easier for me in consequence.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">&#8220;Deuce take you for a blockhead!&#8221; said I to myself when I heard this.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">And from thenceforth, regularly, twice a week, I wrote a letter to Boles, and an answer from Boles to Teresa. I wrote those answers well&#8230; She, of course, listened to them, and wept like anything, roared, I should say, with her bass voice. And in return for my thus moving her to tears by real letters from the imaginary Boles, she began to mend the holes I had in my socks, shirts, and other articles of clothing. Subsequently, about three months after this history began, they put her in prison for something or other. No doubt by this time she is dead.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">My acquaintance shook the ash from his cigarette, looked pensively up at the sky, and thus concluded:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Well, well, the more a human creature has tasted of bitter things the more it hungers after the sweet things of life. And we, wrapped round in the rags of our virtues, and regarding others through the mist of our self-sufficiency, and persuaded of our universal impeccability, do not understand this.</span></p>
<p>And the whole thing turns out pretty stupidly&#8211;and very cruelly. The fallen classes, we say. And who are the fallen classes, I should like to know? They are, first of all, people with the same bones, flesh, and blood and nerves as ourselves. We have been told this day after day for ages. And we actually listen&#8211;and the devil only knows how hideous the whole thing is. Or are we completely depraved by the loud sermonising of humanism? In reality, we also are fallen folks, and, so far as I can see, very deeply fallen into the abyss of self-sufficiency and the conviction of our own superiority. But enough of this. It is all as old as the hills&#8211;so old that it is a shame to speak of it. Very old indeed&#8211;yes, that&#8217;s what it is!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>This story is reprinted from Best Russian Short Stories. Ed. Thomas Seltzer. New York: Boni &amp; Liveright, 1917</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>A Dog Has Died</title>
		<link>http://uhan.wordpress.com/2008/01/29/a-dog-has-died/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 03:19:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>uhan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Poetry]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[by Pablo Neruda
&#160;
My dog has died.
I buried him in the garden
next to a rusted old machine.
Some day I&#8217;ll join him right there,
but now he&#8217;s gone with his shaggy coat,
his bad manners and his cold nose,
and I, the materialist, who never believed
in any promised heaven in the sky
for any human being,
I believe in a heaven I&#8217;ll [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=uhan.wordpress.com&blog=2522855&post=5&subd=uhan&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><i>by Pablo Neruda</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My dog has died.<br />
I buried him in the garden<br />
next to a rusted old machine.</p>
<p>Some day I&#8217;ll join him right there,<br />
but now he&#8217;s gone with his shaggy coat,<br />
his bad manners and his cold nose,<br />
and I, the materialist, who never believed<br />
in any promised heaven in the sky<br />
for any human being,<br />
I believe in a heaven I&#8217;ll never enter.<br />
Yes, I believe in a heaven for all dogdom<br />
where my dog waits for my arrival<br />
waving his fan-like tail in friendship.</p>
<p>Ai, I&#8217;ll not speak of sadness here on earth,<br />
of having lost a companion<br />
who was never servile.<br />
His friendship for me, like that of a porcupine<br />
withholding its authority,<br />
was the friendship of a star, aloof,<br />
with no more intimacy than was called for,<br />
with no exaggerations:<br />
he never climbed all over my clothes<br />
filling me full of his hair or his mange,<br />
he never rubbed up against my knee<br />
like other dogs obsessed with sex.</p>
<p>No, my dog used to gaze at me,<br />
paying me the attention I need,<br />
the attention required<br />
to make a vain person like me understand<br />
that, being a dog, he was wasting time,<br />
but, with those eyes so much purer than mine,<br />
he&#8217;d keep on gazing at me<br />
with a look that reserved for me alone<br />
all his sweet and shaggy life,<br />
always near me, never troubling me,<br />
and asking nothing.</p>
<p>Ai, how many times have I envied his tail<br />
as we walked together on the shores of the sea<br />
in the lonely winter of Isla Negra<br />
where the wintering birds filled the sky<br />
and my hairy dog was jumping about<br />
full of the voltage of the sea&#8217;s movement:<br />
my wandering dog, sniffing away<br />
with his golden tail held high,<br />
face to face with the ocean&#8217;s spray.</p>
<p>Joyful, joyful, joyful,<br />
as only dogs know how to be happy<br />
with only the autonomy<br />
of their shameless spirit.</p>
<p>There are no good-byes for my dog who has died,<br />
and we don&#8217;t now and never did lie to each other.</p>
<p>So now he&#8217;s gone and I buried him,<br />
and that&#8217;s all there is to it.</p>
<p><i>Translated, from the Spanish, by Alfred Yankauer</i></p>
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